Analysis and mitigation of the artefacts in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy due to three-electrode geometry

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is often altered by artefacts, arising from the improper electrode setup, stray capacitances and instrumental limitations. The use of the three electrode setup was shown to pose some constrains in the reliability of the impedance spectra, however giving access to the impedance of a single electrode. In this work the capacitor bridge, as a solution for this problem is presented and discussed together with a coaxial cell geometry providing the minimization of the issues related to the positioning of the electrodes in the electrochemical cell. Moreover, this geometry guarantees the smallest experimental electrolyte resistance, with equal electrolyte and working electrode, and it helps in generating a reproducible current line distribution, which is responsible for time-constant distribution and erroneous evaluation of the charge transfer resistance.