Coreactants of tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence

Tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium (II) (Ru(bpy)32+) electrochemiluminescence is one of the most successful electrochemiluminescent systems and has broad range of applications. Most analytical applications of tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium (II) electrochemiluminescence involve coreactants. We comprehensively review typical coreactants, such as oxalate, persulfate, tripropylamine (TPA), NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced disodium salt), 2-(dibutylamino)ethanol, vitamin C derivatives, alcohols, ketones, nucleic acid, formic acid, formaldehyde, organic acids, amines, hydrogen peroxide, oxygen, hydrazine and relative derivatives. The electrochemiluminescent mechanisms are described correspondingly. Furthermore, some perspectives on coreactants are also discussed.