| Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6645115 | Fuel | 2012 | 10 Pages |
Abstract
⺠THC, NMHC, and CO emissions generally decreased with ethanol, except E85 blend. ⺠NOx emissions increased with increasing ethanol content for the older vehicles. ⺠For the newer vehicles the ethanol blends generally had lower NOx emissions. ⺠Strong increases for carbonyl emissions with ethanol, especially formaldehyde and acetaldehyde for E85. ⺠BTEX and 1,3-butadiene emissions decreased with increasing ethanol.
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Authors
Georgios Karavalakis, Thomas D. Durbin, Manish Shrivastava, Zhongqing Zheng, Mark Villela, Heejung Jung,