Pyrolysis in indirectly heated fixed bed with internals: The first application to oil shale

Raising the temperature heating the oil shale bed inside the reactor from 600 °C to 1000 °C sharply dropped the shale oil yield by more than 50%, say, from 9.53 wt.% to 4.60 wt.% (dry base), in reactor A without any internals but conversely increased the oil yield from 9.50 wt.% to 10.60 wt.% in reactor D with the particularly designed internals consisting of a central gas collection pipe and a few heating plates connected to the heated reactor wall, and such high shale oil yield reached about 85% of the oil yield from Fischer assay.134