Dynamic changes in bubble profile due to surfactant and tape orientation of emitters in drip tape during aerated water irrigation

The second option explored two concentrations (2 ppm and 4 ppm) of BS1000™ surfactant in irrigation water in the drip tape. Bubble size decreased, whereas air void fraction increased along the length of drip tape, with increased concentration of surfactant, in both up and down emitter positions in the drip irrigation tape. The best result was using non-ionic surfactant at 4 ppm with the emitter facing down where the bubble distribution and the availability of micro-bubbles over the 500 m irrigation was greatest. This knowledge will be of benefit in drip and sub-surface drip irrigated agriculture.