State-of-the-art applications of fly ash from coal and biomass: A focus on zeolite synthesis processes and issues

This article summarizes studies concerning both coal and biomass fly ash. The characterization and potential applications of these materials are analysed in detail through reference to the numerous studies published on fly ash worldwide over the last number of decades. A considerable number of experiments have been conducted using ash as a raw material for zeolite synthesis, and many others concern the utilization of the newly-formed mineral. This paper discusses the key factors affecting zeolite synthesis, primarily from coal fly ash; the drawbacks of each approach are also analysed.