Effects of hysteresis and temperature on magnetoelectric effect in giant magnetostrictive/piezoelectric composites

A nonlinear dynamic hysteretic theoretical model on magnetoelectric effect of tri-layered composites is built based on a nonlinear constitutive relation for magnetostrictive material and a linear piezoelectric model for piezoelectric material. And a finite element analysis is implemented to investigate quantitatively the influences of hysteresis and temperature on the ME effect of the layered composites. The model also can explain the “self-biased” response caused by the hysteretic characteristics of the ME composites. Then the distribution of the true displacement along the longitudinal direction is revealed by numerical calculation. The increment of temperature due to the magnetic hysteresis loss is investigated. The temperature, the AC magnetic field and the bias field on the induced electric field and the ME effect are studied, respectively. The results show that the bigger the magnetic frequency, the larger the energy loss of the ME composites. The initial temperature has little effect on the induced electric field at low magnetic field region, but significant effect on the induced electric field at high magnetic field region. The frequency multiplying behavior will disappear when the bias field is strong. In addition, the bias magnetic field also affects the shape of E3∼HAC curve, with the increase of the bias field, the shape of E3∼HAC curve changes from symmetry to asymmetry. The frequency mixing of the induced electric field is also discussed.