Renewable fuels - A comparative assessment from economic, energetic and ecological point-of-view up to 2050 in EU-countries

The key results show that all fuels analysed have lower CO2 emissions than gasoline, but drawbacks include the high costs of hydrogen- and electricity-driven vehicles. By 2050 however these costs could be reduced due to technological learning effects and efficient policy measures (e.g. CO2-based tax). We conclude that “renewable fuels” will only play a significant role if CO2 taxes, intensified R&D and technological learning are strategically implemented.