Enhancing subjective well-being through strategic urban planning: Development and application of community happiness index

Sustainable development is practiced globally as a comprehensive strategy for promoting urban sustainability and well-being. Achieving sustainable development goals depends on the ability to monitor human well-being to track policy outcomes and the connection between ecosystem and human well-being. We developed a framework of community happiness index (CH-index) that fully integrates broad sustainability domains - human well-being and eco-environmental well-being sub-index along four sustainability dimensions (social, economic, environmental, and urban governance) to capture individual subjective perceptions of their experience of communities and development impact. The model was developed by aggregating its constituents using linear aggregation techniques based on subjective weightings using Delphi technique. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to validate the framework applicability using case study approach. The result shows that the case study Putrajaya displayed a good performance of eco-environmental well-being (M = 7.313) and Human Well-being (M = 6.534), moderate sustainability, and a medium-high level of community happiness (6.866) on 1-10 scale. The finding reveals that the level of community happiness depends on the existing level of sustainable urban development. The CH-index provides the planners with a new subjective well-being tool to help in-depth analysis for more targeted interventions and a baseline data to improve community happiness.