Effects of airflow and liquid temperature on ammonia mass transfer above an emission surface: Experimental study on emission rate

The present study performed a series of experiments in a wind tunnel to investigate the impact of velocity, turbulence intensity and liquid–air temperature difference on ammonia emission rates. Decreasing velocity, turbulence intensity and liquid temperature are shown to reduce the ammonia emission rates. The emission rates are more sensitive to the change of velocity at a low velocity compared to change of velocity at a higher velocity range, which corresponds with the conclusion that the boundary layer thickness of velocity increases sharply when velocity is changed from 0.2 m/s to 0.1 m/s. In addition, the emission rates are more sensitive to the change of temperature at a higher temperature than at a lower liquid temperature range. The influence of velocity and liquid–air temperature difference on boundary layer thickness is also analyzed. The relationship between the emission rate and boundary layer thickness is presented.