Card-based design combined with spaced repetition: A new interface for displaying learning elements and improving active recall

This study aims to bring card-based design into education. A mobile application called “English Practice” has been developed wherein a card-based interface named PACARD (Personalize Adaptive CARD-based interface) was implemented. This interface has a flexible design so as to be compatible with various types of mobile devices thus overcoming the small screen challenge. In this study, we use PACARD to evaluate the effectiveness of card-based design on personalized adaptive mobile learning. An empirical study was conducted among 2774 online users for three months to evaluate PACARD's effect on engaging active recall, thus, enhancing memory retention. We also observed how our adaptive mechanism meets user preference. In terms of memory retention and users' preference in PACARD, it results in better retention and it also enabled the learning items to be more appealing to the users as the users related to their own learning progress.