Parental involvement in developing countries: A meta-synthesis of qualitative research

This study is the first to systematically review and synthesize the qualitative scholarship published since 2000 examining parental involvement in developing countries (n = 16). Contrary to the large focus on micro- and mesosystem aspects of parental involvement in the current literature, studies conducted in developing countries tend to additionally expand on exo- and macrosystems. This meta-synthesis emphasizes collective outcomes as an important goal in developing countries, and highlights the potential contributions of family-school-community partnerships. Furthermore, Epstein's U.S.-centric framework might be less relevant in the developing world due to differences in policy contexts despite its widespread usage.