The role of parental involvement in academic achievement trajectories of elementary school children with Southeast Asian and Taiwanese mothers

showed that new immigrant children experienced less parental involvement than did native children. The hierarchical linear model revealed that four of the five parental involvement factors related to initial achievement, the only exception being intergenerational closure. The immigrant-native gap in initial achievement can be partially explained by parental involvement, while discrepancies in the growth rates of academic achievement were not observed between the two groups. Furthermore, a negative and long-lasting effect of parental expectation on achievement was found in Confucian culture, which is characterized by an emphasis on the importance of education and the higher academic standards set by Chinese parents.