Exploring the representation of gender and identity: Patriarchal and citizenship perspectives from the primary level Sindhi textbooks in Pakistan

This paper explores the representation of men and women in Sindhi language textbooks from Year 1 to 5 in Sindh, Pakistan. Pictorial representations and accompanying text from these books were analysed using thematic coding. The pictorial and textual analysis confirms the salient features of patriarchal ideology being reproduced through the textbooks. The pictures and text portray women as secondary citizens in the society - those who are inferior to men and cannot access the public sphere or do anything, independent of male supervision. We argue that patriarchy prevails through the textbooks as women's familial roles are mostly depicted as engaged in household tasks and performing their assigned roles. The findings from this research can be used to develop pedagogic practices for gender equality in Pakistan.