Application of indirect non-invasive methods to detect the onset of crystallization fouling in a liquid-to-air membrane energy exchanger

The results confirm that two of the three methods can effectively detect the onset of crystallization fouling in the LAMEE. Thus, the methods can be used for online monitoring of operating LAMEEs in order to timely identify the initiation of fouling. The results also show that the membrane with a lower VDR produces a higher moisture flux which leads to a higher degree of fouling than the membrane with higher VDR.