Dependence of submerged jet heat transfer on nozzle length

In this work the influence of nozzle length in submerged jet impingement heat transfer was studied by validated direct numerical simulations, in the laminar flow regime. With the purpose of examining the entire range of nozzle lengths and 500⩽Re⩽2000, other effects were reduced by setting a low nozzle-to-heater spacing (H/D = 3) and ideal, undisturbed inlet conditions. While developing pipe-flow is well-known, this parametric study characterized in detail short and intermediate nozzle flow regimes, affected by a separation bubble at the sharp-edged inlet. It is found that the maximal (centerline) jet velocity first decreases with increasing effective nozzle length, Z = L/(D ⋅ Re), to a minimum at Z∗≈0.0015, beyond which it increases as in developing pipe-flow. For Z