3D particle-scale modeling of gas-solids flow and heat transfer in fluidized beds with an immersed tube

A fully 3D CFD-DEM approach has been developed to predict the heat transfer between an immersed tube and packed/fluidized beds. The figure above shows (a) the 3D nature of particle flow and (b) the 3D nature of gas flow. The capability of model in reproducing some typical heat transfer features and the underlying mechanisms are explained in terms of heat transfer modes such as tube-fluid convection and tube-particle conduction.335