Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
7079674 | Bioresource Technology | 2013 | 10 Pages |
Abstract
When transporting alcohol or diesel-like fuels, pipelines have a lower direct energy intensity than rail, barge, and trucks if fluid velocity is under 1Â m/s for 4-inch diameter pipelines and 2Â m/s for 8-inch or larger pipelines. Across multiple hypothetical state-specific scenarios, profit-maximizing design velocities range from 1.2 to 1.9Â m/s. In costs and GHG emissions, optimized pipelines outperform trucks in each state and rail and barge in most states, if projected throughput exceeds four billion liters/year. If emissions are priced, optimum design diameters typically increase to reduce pumping energy demands, increasing the cost-effectiveness of pipeline projects.
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Physical Sciences and Engineering
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Authors
Bret Strogen, Arpad Horvath, David Zilberman,