Optimal management of the automatic generation control service in smart user grids including electric vehicles and distributed resources

This paper presents an analysis and systemization of automatic generation control (AGC) in distribution networks (DNs) with high penetration of distributed resources, including electric vehicles (EVs). A methodology is developed that allows designing the AGC service at the distribution level, and an optimization model is proposed to assess the potential of AGC provision from EVs according to an objective of optimal economic management. A realistic case study is considered to analyze the proposed approach, and to illustrate both the potential of the methodology and the effectiveness of the optimization model. Results show that the proposed methodology represents a flexible tool that any system operator could use for the operational planning and the management of ancillary services such as AGC with EVs.