A penalty model of synthetic micro-jet actuator with application to the control of wake flows

A simple model of synthetic (zero-net mass-flux) micro-jet is proposed and implemented in a large-eddy simulation spectral solver of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. Essentially, it is simply required to introduce a penalty like term in the momentum equation, with a variable penalty coefficient that culminates during the expulsion phase. Examples of applications are considered for the control of several turbulent wake flows, the backward facing step, the D-shaped body and the square back Ahmed body.