Multi-Domain Modeling of Electric Vehicles Including Lead-Acid Battery Dynamics

In this paper a multi-domain model of an Electric Vehicle (EV) including lead-acid battery dynamics is presented. The model is composed by the batteries, the electric traction system and the mechanical model. The modeling formalism chosen is Bond Graph (BG) that allows representing each EV sub-system in a compact and modular way. A key benefit of BG is that the sub-systems developed can be easily interconnected independently of their physical nature. Once the complete model is constructed the whole system performance can be evaluated. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the multi-domain feature of the proposal and the energetic performance with/without regenerative braking.