Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
7166277 | Energy Conversion and Management | 2013 | 9 Pages |
Abstract
The two-stage continuous process of methyl ester from high free fatty acid (FFA) mixed crude palm oil (MCPO) was performed by using static mixer coupled with high-intensity of ultrasound. The 2 Ã 1000 W ultrasonic homogenizers were operated at 18 kHz frequency in the 2 Ã 100 mL continuous reactors. For the first-step, acid-catalyzed esterification was employed with 18 vol.% of methanol, 2.7 vol.% of sulfuric acid, 60 °C of temperature, and 20 L hâ1 of MCPO flow rate, for reducing the acid value from 28 mg KOH gâ1 to less than 2 mg KOH gâ1. For the second-step, base-catalyzed transesterification was carried out under 18 vol.% of methanol, 8 g KOH Lâ1 of oil, and 20 L hâ1 of esterified oil flow rate at 30 °C. The high yields of esterified oil and crude biodiesel were attained within the residence time of less than 20 s in the ultrasonic reactors. The yields of each stage process were: 103.3 vol.% of esterified oil, 105.4 vol.% of crude biodiesel, and 92.5 vol.% of biodiesel when compared with 100 vol.% MCPO. The quality of the biodiesel meets the specification of biodiesel standard in Thailand.
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Energy (General)
Authors
Krit Somnuk, Pruittikorn Smithmaitrie, Gumpon Prateepchaikul,