Supervisory Control of Hybrid Powertrains: an Experimental Benchmark of Offline Optimization and Online Energy Management

This paper focuses on the comparison of the offline optimization results with the online energy management laws obtained in a purely simulation environment and with a semi-physical testing equipment. Real-time implementation is introduced as an intermediate step of a complete chain of tools aimed at investigating the Energy Management System (EMS) problem. These tools comprise an offline optimizer based on Pontryagin Minimum Principle (PMP), the resulting Equivalent Consumption Minimization (ECMS) implemented in real time in a simulation platform and in an experimental environment (Hy-HiL test bench). Results illustrate the energy management laws issued by the different tools and compares the offline-generated ones with their online counterparts, both in terms of trajectories over time and in terms of global results (fuel consumption, SOC deviations).