The pulmonary complications associated with EV71-infected hand-foot-mouth disease

Hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) was an acute intestinal infectious disease, which mainly occurred in the children, especially under 5 years old. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) was the most common pathogen causing HFMD, especially severe HFMD. Most patients had a good prognosis, but a few patients complicated by encephalitis, pulmonary edema, and hemorrhage, myocarditis and other complications, which may cause bad prognosis and even death. In this paper, the clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, pathology, imaging changes and treatment of pulmonary inflammation, edema and hemorrhage associated EV71- induced HFMD were reviewed.