Resilience in high-risk adolescents of mothers with recurrent depressive disorder: The contribution of fathers

This study examines the role of paternal emotional support as a resilience promoter in offspring of mothers with depression by considering the role of fathers' mental health and the quality of the couple relationship. Two hundred and sixty-five mothers with recurrent unipolar depression, partners and adolescents from Wales were assessed. Paternal emotional support, couple relationship quality, and paternal depression were assessed at baseline; adolescent mental health symptoms were assessed using the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment at follow-up. Results showed evidence of an indirect pathway whereby couple relationship quality predicted paternal emotional support (β = −.21, 95% CI [−.34, −.08]; p = .002) which in turn predicted adolescent depression (β = −.18, 95% CI [−.33, −.04]; p = .02), but not disruptive behaviours (β = −.08, 95% CI [−.22, .07]; p = .30), after controlling for relevant confounders. The findings highlight that fathers and the broader family system play an important role in enhancing resilience to depression symptoms in at-risk adolescents.