Comparing cigarette and e-cigarette dependence and predicting frequency of smoking and e-cigarette use in dual-users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes

Overall, dual-users reported stronger dependence on cigarettes than on e-cigarettes. However, dependence on each product was associated with increased use of each respective product and with less frequent use of the other product. Future research using the PROMIS can evaluate how potential FDA regulations could reduce nicotine dependence across products.