A prospective, longitudinal study of cigarette smoking status among North American Indigenous adolescents

- Female Indigenous youths had higher rates of smoking than male youths over time.
- Problem behavior theory guides us to identify predictors of smoking status.
- Generalized estimating equation model was used to investigate longitudinal predictors of smoking status.
- Family warmth and support was negatively associated with occasional smoking.
- Frequent smoking was associated positively with depression symptoms and negatively with positive school activity.