Reprint of: Microglial toll-like receptors and Alzheimer's disease

Article ID	Journal	Published Year	Pages	File Type
7280343	Brain, Behavior, and Immunity	2016	13 Pages	PDF

Abstract

Microglial activation represents an important pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and emerging data highlight the involvement of microglial toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the course of AD. TLRs have been observed to exert both beneficial and detrimental effects on AD-related pathologies, and transgenic animal models have provided direct and credible evidence for an association between TLRs and AD. Moreover, analyses of genetic polymorphisms have suggested interactions between genetic polymorphisms in TLRs and AD risk, further supporting the hypothesis that TLRs are involved in AD. In this review, we summarize the key evidence in this field. Future studies should focus on exploring the mechanisms underlying the potential roles of TLRs in AD.

Keywords

CX3CR1 MMP-9 iNOS PPARγ hsp70 CpG IL-1β ICV intracerebroventricular NFT IKK AβPP MPL PS1 Heme oxygenase-1 TRAF6 CX3C chemokine receptor 1 PRRs IRF3 FPRL1 PGN TIRAP CCR1 SIGIRR myeloid differentiation factor NSAIDS MYD88 DAMPs Jnk IL-6 LPS SNPs Aβ NF-κB HO-1 PAMPs FOXO1 PI3K IκB kinase ISGs MAPK presenilin 1 ROS TLRs TRIF amyloid-β AIF Neuroinflammation danger-associated molecular patterns pathogen-associated molecular patterns interferon IFN interleukin 1-β interleukin-6 Load Alzheimer’s disease TRAM tumor necrosis factor-α Positron emission tomography Forkhead box O1 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs CNS inducible nitric oxide synthase central nervous system apoptosis-inducing factor Interferon regulatory factor 3 IRAK TNF receptor associated factor 6 TNF-α nuclear factor κB Formyl peptide receptor-like 1 phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases lipopolysaccharide Monophosphoryl lipid A Matrix metalloproteinase-9 TRIF-related adaptor molecule neurofibrillary tangles Microglia Nitric oxide PET heat shock protein 70 mitogen-activated protein kinase Single nucleotide polymorphisms Peptidoglycan amyloid-β protein precursor IFN-stimulated genes pattern recognition receptors Toll-like receptors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ