On the controversial origins of non-canonical Spanish and Portuguese negation: Case closed?

This study will argue instead that an appeal to extensive sub-Saharan input during colonial times continues to offer a more likely scenario for the genesis in the Americas of non-canonical constructions such Chocoan/Dominican no hablo alemán no, Brazilian eu não falo alemão não, and Palenquero i nu ta ablá alemán nu, all denoting 'I don't speak German (contrary to what one might think)'. Determining the true source(s) - European or African (or both?)? - of these and related negation structures has weighty implications for the larger question of the genesis of New World (1) Spanish, (2) Portuguese, and (3) Palenquero in general.