Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
7303906 | Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews | 2014 | 17 Pages |
Abstract
Many studies support a crucial role for oxidative & nitrosative stress (O&NS) in the pathophysiology of unipolar and bipolar depression. These disorders are characterized inter alia by lowered antioxidant defenses, including: lower levels of zinc, coenzyme Q10, vitamin E and glutathione; increased lipid peroxidation; damage to proteins, DNA and mitochondria; secondary autoimmune responses directed against redox modified nitrosylated proteins and oxidative specific epitopes. This review examines and details a model through which a complex series of environmental factors and biological pathways contribute to increased redox signaling and consequently increased O&NS in mood disorders. This multi-step process highlights the potential for future interventions that encompass a diverse range of environmental and molecular targets in the treatment of depression.
Keywords
5-hydroxytryptophanGSHNACGPXDAMPNOSiNOS8-OHdGIL-1βIL-10N-methyl-d-aspartatenNOSIL-25-HTCMI5-HTTLPRIDOBH4serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region8-ISOIFNγIL-12IFNαMDAIgMnuclear factor (NF)-κBNF-κBCRHNSEIL-4HDLIgGIL-1IL-6LPSnDMANrf25,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosineDNAMAPKN-acetylcysteineNOxAdenosine TriphosphateATPkynurenic aciddamage-associated molecular patternimmunoglobulin immunoglobulin Gimmunoglobulin Minterferon-alphainterferon-gammainterleukin-12interleukin-4Interleukin-10interleukin-6interleukin-1Interleukin-1βInterleukin-2indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenaseinducible nitric oxide synthaseneuronal nitric oxide synthasenuclear factor erythroid 2-related factorhigh density lipoproteinLow-density lipoproteinLDLlipopolysaccharidemalondialdehydehypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axisHPANitric oxidenitric oxide synthasecorticotrophin releasing hormoneKYNAmitogen-activated protein kinasesGlutathioneglutathione peroxidase
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Authors
Steven Moylan, Michael Berk, Olivia M. Dean, Yuval Samuni, Lana J. Williams, Adrienne O'Neil, Amie C. Hayley, Julie A. Pasco, George Anderson, Felice N. Jacka, Michael Maes,