Neurofeedback in ADHD and insomnia: Vigilance stabilization through sleep spindles and circadian networks

► ADHD is characterized by delayed circadian phase resulting in sleep onset insomnia. ► Circadian advancing treatments result in vigilance stabilization by activation of the locus coerulues. ► Neurofeedback results in increased sleep spindle density, which stabilizes vigilance via the locus coerulues. ► Future clinical trials in ADHD should consider using follow-up assessments as their primary endpoint.