The value of technology improvements in games with externalities: A fresh look at offsetting behavior

For mandatory safety technologies, the direction of the welfare effect depends on whether the externality between players is positive or negative, and on whether the technology improvement is a complement or substitute for individual precaution. For safety technologies that individuals can choose whether or not to purchase, individuals expend too much on reducing the loss size but may spend either too much or too little on features that reduce an individual's loss probability.