Stone pipe-making tools in ancient North America

Results of analyses showed that certain tool types, such as reamers, drills, tabular tools, scrapers, and gouges, were integral parts of the manufacture process. Other types, such as punches and awls, proved not to have been employed in this activity. While our model was applied to a regionally specific pipe style and raw material, we suggest that our methods and approach can easily be used generally and more broadly in the analyses of similar archaeological assemblages worldwide.