Archaeometric characterization of 17th-century tin-glazed Anabaptist (Hutterite) faience artefacts from North-East-Hungary

The studied Hutterite faience artefacts reveal similarities with Italian maiolica. Calcareous clay with 14-22 wt% CaO was used for the buff-coloured ceramic body. Up to about 400 μm thick, tin-opacified white and blue lead-alkali glaze was applied on the biscuit-fired body. The glaze suspension contained sand admixture and a significant amount of common salt and was not fritted before application. The colorants used for the ceramic colours are lead antimonate for yellow, cobalt with arsenic, nickel and iron for blue, copper for green and manganese with minor iron for black. The ceramic colours were applied on the unfired glaze and maturing occurred during the second firing. The main technological difference when compared with the Italian Renaissance maiolica is the deliberate use of a high amount of tin oxide (17-20 wt% SnO2) together with 18-28 wt% PbO content for white glaze of the studied Hutterite faience.