What role will hubs play in the LCC point-to-point connections era? The Spanish experience

► The arrival of the LCCs has not affected the supremacy of the hubs in Spain. ► LCC flights at spoke airports have had negative effects on FSNC international traffic at the hubs. ► FSNC national traffic at the hubs has not been affected by the LCCs. ► There have been substitution effects from FSNC to LCCs at hubs for international flights. ► LCC national flights at hubs act as feeders for FSNC international flights.