Coping with the costs of car dependency: A system of expedients used by low-income households on the outskirts of Dijon and Paris

Our results show that mobility expedients make it possible for low-income households to continue to reside in car-dependent areas by reducing their trips and by using local resources and networks to lower the costs of their car dependency. The contribution of our work is to show the intensity of these practices, which create a structured and collectively or socially built alternative system to solo car use.