Examination of impact of lignosulfonates added to the negative active mass of a lead-acid battery electrode

Cells with higher amount of the added organic expander well tolerate deep cycling, and were able to regenerate better during the conditioning cycles between PSoC runs and its capacities have increased. The low-lignosulfonate-containing cells showed during the PSoC charging good charge acceptance at the beginning of the experiment, but with progression of time (PSoC runs), there was the most significant increase in polarization resistances and gradual degradation of NAM. Medium lignosulfonate cells exhibited the best properties throughout the PSoC runs. During the PSoC charging there is a good charge acceptance, low maximum voltage and stable polarization resistance.