Torrefaction of some Nigerian lignocellulosic resources and decomposition kinetics

Torrefaction experiments were carried out on some Nigerian woody (Albizia pedicellaris (AP), Tectona grandis (TK), Terminalia ivorensis (TI)) and non-woody (Sorghum bicolour glume (SBG) and stalk (SBS)) biomass resources. The influence of process conditions and consequent change in the elemental configuration of the biomass samples were observed. Biomass type played a dominant role in the solid yield recording 71% for woody and 58% for non-woody samples at 270 °C, while temperature showed the greatest influence with solid yield dropping from an average of 80% (at 240 °C) to 50% (at 300 °C). Both volatile matter and fixed carbon contents experienced significant changes after torrefaction and a decline in O/C ratio from 0.6 to 0.3 was noted. Among the woody biomass, TI experienced the highest increase in higher heating value (HHV) of approximately 38% as compared to AP (32%) and TK (32%), and was subsequently selected for decomposition kinetic study. The decomposition kinetics showed that activation energy (E(α)) for the hemicellulose degradation stage ranged between 137 and 197 kJ mol−1 for conversion (α) between 0.1 and 0.24 implying that biomass kinetics within this decomposition region is a multi-step reaction. The GC/MS analytical technique revealed that the presence of levoglucosan was highest (7.1%) in woody biomass, while phenolic compounds made up more than one-third of the group of compounds identified.