Flow optimization in one-dimensional and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography

In GC × GC, the primary column operates under temperature-programmed conditions while each secondary run is essentially isothermal. As a result, their flow optimization requirements are different. The complementary IDs (internal diameters) corresponding to equal optimal flow rates in both GC × GC columns should relate as 2d = 0.7 ·1d. Typical complementary ID pairs are tabulated. If choosing the complementary IDs is not an option, several ways to reconcile the difference in their optimal flow rates are considered. The most typical cases of the column mismatch are identified and their boundary conditions are formulated. The effect of the flow reconciliation in these column pairs on the performance of GC × GC analysis is evaluated.