Multidimensional isotope analysis of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen as tool for identification of the origin of ibuprofen

- Multi-dimensional isotope profiling was used to study commercial ibuprofen.
- Samples were collected from 32 manufactures and 13 countries.
- δ13C, δ2H and δ18O isotope values are reported in parts per thousand (‰).
- Based on δ13C, δ2H and δ18O five different groups were distincted.
- For each group possible synthetic pathways and raw materials were discussed.