Complementary investigations of two Lipovan-style icons

The paper presents a comparative investigation on two icons, dated approximately 17-18th and 19th century, respectively, which are representative for the Russian Lipovan cultural communities. A non-invasive protocol was employed aiming to gain a wider perspective on this type of icons, which had not been studied so far through analytical means. Imaging techniques (multispectral and hyperspectral imaging, along with digital radiography) were used to highlight the conservation issues and the painting technique, pointing out areas where elemental (X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy) and molecular (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) techniques should be applied for more detailed information. Results showed that the wooden panels were in a fairly good conservation status, with only slight traces of xylophagous attack and fine cracks. The succession of the painting layer was obvious, as well as features, which were not visible under normal light condition, such as decorative elements. Silver foil was used for the upper parts of the icons, and in one case, for the garments as well. Both icons had similar features in terms of painting technique, such as the use of gypsum as a preparation layer, followed by a second substrate based on an iron-rich red clay. The color palette included mineral pigments (ochre, red iron oxide, possibly Prussian blue) and metallic pigments (lead white and/or red lead). Previous interventions were highlighted by the presence of barium sulfate. For both icons, egg yolk was most probably the binding medium, which was used. The natural ageing and interference from other compounds led to the degradation of the varnish layer to the point that it could no longer be identified. With no major differences found between the two investigated icons in terms of the painting technique, the results show a remarkable and well-established tradition. The comparison of the two icons is a good example of how analytical techniques can reveal hidden information and determine cultural patterns passed on from generation to generation.