Simultaneous biosynthesis of putrebactin, avaroferrin and bisucaberin by Shewanella putrefaciens and characterisation of complexes with iron(III), molybdenum(VI) or chromium(V)

Three macrocyclic dihydroxamic acid siderophores: putrebactin, avaroferrin and bisucaberin; were biosynthesized by Shewanella putrefaciens in medium depleted of endogenous 1,4-diaminobutane and augmented with 1,5-diaminopentane. Ring-contracted or ring-expanded macrocycles from 1,3-diaminopropane or 1,6-diaminohexane, respectively, were not produced. Complexes (1:1) with Fe(III), Mo(VI) or Cr(V) were characterised using LC-MS or EPR spectroscopy.193