Polymer composite hydrogels containing carbon nanomaterials-Morphology and mechanical and functional performance

Carbon nanomaterials have been the centre of intensive research because of their unique structure and technologically useful properties. We herein review the effect of the nanomaterials on the morphology and mechanical and functional properties of composite hydrogels, by critically examining the nanomaterial dispersion in aqueous media and their interaction with polymer matrices. We focus on synthesis methods and the mechanical, electrical and swelling properties of the hydrogels with emphasis on cross-linking techniques and structure-property relations. The nanomaterial properties and fabrication techniques are briefly discussed highlighting advantages and limitations. This review outlines the current challenges and opportunities to effectively utilizing carbon nanomaterials for polymer hydrogels. The output of such materials would be valuable to soft materials scientists and composite engineers, as well as those working on water-soluble, synthetic polymers.