Linear dichroism in 3d core-level and 4f valence-band photoemission spectra of strongly correlated rare-earth compounds

We have revealed that anisotropic 4f charge distributions caused by the crystalline electric field are responsible for linear dichroism (LD) in 3d core-level photoemission spectra of rare earth compounds. Indeed, we have successfully observed the intrinsic LD for cubic YbB12 and tetragonal SmCu2Si2. We have also performed polarization-dependent 4f photoemission in a valence-band region. The observed LDs in the experimental 4f spectra are reduced from those predicted from the theoretical simulations for the localized ions.