Evaluation of antimony microparticles supported on biochar for application in the voltammetric determination of paraquat

This work describes the construction and application of carbon paste electrodes modified with biochar and antimony microparticles (SbBCPE) for voltammetric determination of paraquat using a simple and sensitive procedure based on voltammetric stripping analysis. Some parameters such as amount of biochar and antimony used in the composition of the carbon paste and instrumental parameters were examined in detail. Under optimized conditions, an analytical curve was obtained for paraquat determination employing SbBCPE, which showed a linear response ranging from 0.2 to 2.9 μmol L− 1, with limit of detection and quantification of 34 nmol L− 1 and 113 nmol L− 1, respectively, after paraquat pre-concentration of 120 s. The repeatability study presented a RSD = 2.0% for 10 consecutive measurements using the same electrode surface and the reproducibility study showed a RSD = 2.7% for measurements with 10 different electrode surfaces. The proposed sensor was successfully applied for paraquat determination in tap water and citric fruit juice spiked samples and good recoveries were obtained without any sample pre-treatment, showing its promising analytical performance.