Effects of substrate temperature on the ion conductivity of hydrated ZrO2 thin films prepared by reactive sputtering in H2O atmosphere

Hydrated ZrO2 thin films were prepared by reactive sputtering in H2O atmosphere at different substrate temperatures. The crystal structure, chemical bonding state, film density, refractive index, surface morphology and ion conductivity of the films were investigated. The intensity of the absorbance peaks due to hydrogen bonded OH groups increased and the film density decreased with decreasing substrate temperature. Correspondingly, the ion conductivity increased with decreasing substrate temperature and a maximum ion conductivity of 6×10−6 S/m was obtained for the film deposited at the lowest substrate temperature of −30 °C. We considered that the addition of H2O in the reactive gas and substrate cooling were very effective in increasing the H2O content and decreasing film density, which resulted in the high proton conductivity of the films.

Graphical abstractFigure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload as PowerPoint slideHighlights► We prepared the proton-conducting ZrO2·nH2O films by reactive sputtering in H2O atmosphere. ► H2O content and ion conductivity of the films increased with decreasing substrate temperature. ► Maximum ion conductivity was 6 × 10−6 S/m at a substrate temperature of −30 °C. ► Maximum H2O molar ratio, n, was about 0.8.