Analysis of electromagnetic focusing properties of multi-annular nanostructured metasurfaces

To explore the electromagnetic focusing properties of multi-annular nanostructured metasurfaces, the material property, dispersion property, and error-tolerance property have been studied through a combination of the vectorial angular spectrum theory and the three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. An obvious focal shift has been observed and the thickness for the Ag, Al, and Au films is suggested to be within the range of 50-100 nm for the illumination wavelength of 640 nm. The light dispersion effect of the metasurface is remarkable and the focal length decreases with the increase of the wavelength; however, the on-axis intensity distributions retain a similar, shifted shape when the wavelength deviation is less than 10 nm. The fabrication error has a strong impact on the on-axis intensity distribution; when it occurs for the middle annulus, a more severe impact will be induced. The above findings provide theoretical guidance for applying multi-annular metasurfaces in the fields of super-resolution focusing, micro-nano fabrication, and nanoscopic imaging.