On the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio of barriers

The reflection and thus the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) of barriers depend on several barrier properties. Scattering may take place at frequencies below or above the barrier height and may depend on the barrier's capacitive or inductive quality. At frequencies below the barrier height, faster than light (FTL) tunneled signals were observed. This must also occur in optical tunneling couplers presently applied in fiber communications. The tests confirmed the assumption that tunneling waves are virtual, the propagation is FTL, yet causality is nevertheless preserved. It is further noted that FTL propagation with preserved causality has also been measured within the near fields of antennas.