Integration of storage and renewable energy into district heating systems: A review of modelling and optimization

This paper reviews the recent advancements in the energy production, modelling and optimization of the DHSs. A classification of energy sources is presented in terms of their sustainability and ease of integration to a DHS. Current modelling methods are further compared with respect to computational limitations, level of precision as well as the degree of certainty in the output level. Moreover, the recent studies of DHS are classified in accordance with the optimization objectives, including energy/exergy efficiency, cost, exergo-economic/thermo-economic and green-house gas (GHG) and pollutant production.