Tuning lattice spacing in titanate nanowire arrays for enhanced sodium storage and long-term stability

The lattice spacing of sodium titanate nanowire arrays is tuned by a protonation strategy, which can (1) enhance the Na-ion diffusion by offering more effective Na-ion diffusion channels; (2) stabilize the electrode structure by reducing the changes in lattice parameters and unit-cell volume during long-term cycling; (3) inhibit the irreversible trapping of Na-ions and side reaction, and all these merits lead to superior rate capability and cycle stability as anode for SIBs.368